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Forensic Investigation Techniques and Procedures, Exams of Nursing

Ulster University Nursing

An overview of various forensic investigation techniques and procedures used in death investigations. It covers topics such as detecting drugs of abuse, identifying the location of a body at the time of death, collecting dna evidence, and analyzing volatile hydrocarbons in fire deaths. The document also discusses the sensitivity of different chromatographic techniques, the identification of bullet types, the analysis of blood spatter patterns, the importance of documenting the chain of custody, and the responsibilities of death investigators. Additionally, it covers courtroom etiquette, professionalism in death investigation, and the investigation of workplace deaths and nursing home incidents. The document touches on a wide range of forensic science concepts and techniques, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals interested in the field of forensic investigation.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/09/2024

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Correct Solutions.

Barbituates - Answer Four main categories:

1. Ultra-short-acting - used to induce surgical anesthesia

2. Short-acting

3. Intermediate-acting - used as sedative-hypnotics

4. Long-acting

Butalbital - Answer Barbituate. Used in treatment of migraines.

Phenobarbital - Answer Barbituate. Used as anticonvulsant.

Pentobarbital - Answer Barbituate. Used to relieve intracranial pressure following

trauma.

Atropine - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Derived from certain plants including jimson

weed and deadly nightshade. Used as a preanesthetic therapy to control airway

secretions and as a antispasmodic to control gastrointestinal spasms. Used as an

antidote in the treatment of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors. Also used in

resuscitative attempts.

Toxic effects: mydriasis, hot dry reddened skin, delirium, and hallucinations.

Scopalamine - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Derived from jimson weed and henbane.

Used as a preanesthetic, treatment of Parkinsonism, gastrointestinal disorders, and

prevention of motion sickness.

Toxic effects: Blurred vision, dryness of throat, dilated pupils, somnolence,

mydriasis, skin flushing, hallucinations, and confusion.

Benzodiazepines - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Used as anxiolytics,

antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and as preoperative sedatives.

Common benzos: alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, and diazepam.

Extensive hepatic metabolism.

Adult flies caught at the scene need to be properly stored to send to the lab. This

involves - Answer placing the flies in a glass vial containing 70% isopropyl alcohol.

Forensic scientists may use forensic entomology for all the following EXCEPT

A. estimate the duration of the post-mortem range (PMI).

B. detect drugs of abuse in maggot infested bodies.

C. detect the location of the body at the time of death.

D. collect DNA material left on the corpse in cases of sexual assault.

E. detect volatile hydrocarbons in fire deaths. - Answer detect volatile hydrocarbons

in fire deaths.

Which of the following methods is the LEAST sensitive chromatographic technique

A. High-pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC)

B. Liquid chromatography / Mass Spectrometry

C. Thin-layer chromatography

D. Gas chromatography / Mass Spectrometry

E. Gas chromatography - Answer Thin-layer chromatography

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Correct Solutions.

Barbituates - Answer Four main categories:

Ultra-short-acting - used to induce surgical anesthesia
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting - used as sedative-hypnotics
Long-acting Butalbital - Answer Barbituate. Used in treatment of migraines. Phenobarbital - Answer Barbituate. Used as anticonvulsant. Pentobarbital - Answer Barbituate. Used to relieve intracranial pressure following trauma. Atropine - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Derived from certain plants including jimson weed and deadly nightshade. Used as a preanesthetic therapy to control airway secretions and as a antispasmodic to control gastrointestinal spasms. Used as an antidote in the treatment of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors. Also used in resuscitative attempts. Toxic effects: mydriasis, hot dry reddened skin, delirium, and hallucinations. Scopalamine - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Derived from jimson weed and henbane. Used as a preanesthetic, treatment of Parkinsonism, gastrointestinal disorders, and prevention of motion sickness. Toxic effects: Blurred vision, dryness of throat, dilated pupils, somnolence, mydriasis, skin flushing, hallucinations, and confusion. Benzodiazepines - Answer Belladonna Alkaloid. Used as anxiolytics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and as preoperative sedatives. Common benzos: alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, and diazepam. Extensive hepatic metabolism. Adult flies caught at the scene need to be properly stored to send to the lab. This involves - Answer placing the flies in a glass vial containing 70% isopropyl alcohol. Forensic scientists may use forensic entomology for all the following EXCEPT A. estimate the duration of the post-mortem range (PMI). B. detect drugs of abuse in maggot infested bodies. C. detect the location of the body at the time of death. D. collect DNA material left on the corpse in cases of sexual assault. E. detect volatile hydrocarbons in fire deaths. - Answer detect volatile hydrocarbons in fire deaths. Which of the following methods is the LEAST sensitive chromatographic technique A. High-pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC) B. Liquid chromatography / Mass Spectrometry C. Thin-layer chromatography D. Gas chromatography / Mass Spectrometry E. Gas chromatography - Answer Thin-layer chromatography

Correct Solutions.

Which ONE of the following drugs is responsible for the most intentional overdose fatalities? A. Barbiturates B. Propoxyphene C. Benzodiazepines D. Tricyclic Antidepressants E. Antihistamines - Answer Tricyclic Antidepressants In scenes illuminated by bright sunlight, there will usually be dark shadow areas. Detail in the deep shadow areas will be lost when the exposure is based on the overall brightness of the scene. The brightness level in the shadow areas can be raised to the overall brightness of the scene by using A. an alternate light source B. ultraviolet fluorescence. C. flash-fill photography. D. an increased F-stop. E. a restricted aperture. - Answer Flash-fill photography Using an alternate light source, you can identify stains that may contain samples of A. serum. B. semen. C. saliva. D. urine. E. All of the above - Answer All of the above When submitting tool mark evidence for examination, you should always A. place the tool against the tool marked evidence. B. make test cuts or impressions rather than submit the tool. C. submit a cast of the tool mark. D. refrain from collecting samples of any material deposited on the tools. E. All of the above - Answer submit a cast of the tool mark With regards to investigating a scene where firearms were used, which ONE of the following statements is FALSE? A. Bullet holes through doors can produce atypical entrance wounds. B. The presence of spent cartridges at the scene suggests a semi-automatic assault rifle. C. Fragments from intermediate targets can cause pseudo-stippling. D. A spent cartridge at the scene is most suggestive of a revolver-type handgun. E. Spent cartridges recovered at the scene can be analyzed by firearm experts. - Answer A spent cartridge at the scene is most suggestive of a revolver-type handgun. Which of the following is NOT a bullet fired by a handgun? A. Semi-jacketed hollow point B. Wad cutter C. Buckshot

Correct Solutions.

Death investigators sometimes are asked to participate in a media-initiated interview, especially during a sensitive on-going investigation. Investigators should always remember A. to make sure the interview is "off the record" before the first question is asked. B. to sign a release form before the interview starts. C. that participating in this type of interview rarely serves to accomplish any investigative objectives, and should be declined. D. to politely decline to participate in any interviews until their investigative report has been reviewed by law enforcement. E. to get clearance from law enforcement before participating in the interview. - Answer that participating in this type of interview rarely serves to accomplish any investigative objectives, and should be declined. When closing an interview with a family member, how can you offer to be more helpful to the individual? A. Advise the individual that he/she can get further information about the procedures in the case from the funeral home. B. Refer the family member to the police department for all further follow-ups. C. Advise the family member to send any requests for information in writing and send a check for the customary fee for written documentation. D. Tell the individual how much you appreciated their help and advise them to telephone your office if they need more assistance. E. None of the above - Answer Tell the individual how much you appreciated their help and advise them to telephone your office if they need more assistance. In the event of a homicide on Native American or federal (nonmilitary) lands, which agency has law enforcement jurisdiction? A. The nearest city police department B. The county sheriff C. The state police/troopers on military bases D. The tribal police on Native American lands E. The FBI - Answer The FBI Many times, family members will not accept a ruling of suicide as a manner of death for reasons of A. embarrassment. B. insurance issues. C. their unwillingness to believe the decedent would commit suicide. D. having a separate agenda that is not met by the medical examiner/coroner's finding. E. All of the above - Answer All of the above The accepted "standard of proof" the forensic pathologist reaches when testifying in criminal court is which ONE of the following? A. More likely than not B. Preponderance of the evidence C. Clear and convincing

Correct Solutions.

D. Reasonable medical certainty E. Beyond a reasonable doubt - Answer Reasonable medical certainty Which is a TRUE statement about the investigation of deaths in the workplace? A. Cause-and-effect analysis of injuries and possible workplace safety issues are a primary concern. B. If a person has a witnessed collapse at his office desk after complaining of chest pains, the investigator must immediately call OSHA. C. Most workplace deaths are accidents directly relating to work-related injuries. D. Potential for criminal charges is not a consideration. E. Federal regulations define the responsibility of the coroner/medical examiner in investigating any death occurring while the person is at work. - Answer Cause-and- effect analysis of injuries and possible workplace safety issues are a primary concern. One of three roommates reports discovering the body of the second roommate in the apartment the three shares. The third roommate is absent. The decedent is observed on the floor with a pool of blood surrounding his head and a bloody baseball bat beside his body. The law enforcement agency's investigation would be best served if they A. obtain permission to search the apartment from the roommate who discovered the body. B. obtain permission to search the apartment from both living roommates. C. obtain a search warrant before entering the apartment. D. enter the apartment and conduct a thorough crime scene search. E. enter the apartment in search of weapons that may be a threat to responding officers. - Answer obtain a search warrant before entering the apartment. Courtroom etiquette requires ALL of the following EXCEPT which ONE? A. Wear conservative attire. B. Do not volunteer information. C. Answer questions clearly and firmly. D. Answer all questions honestly. E. Decline to respond to the defense attorney. - Answer Decline to respond to the defense attorney. You arrive for your scheduled work shift and find that your co-worker from the previous shift has cases pending and no investigative action has been taken on them. You A. begin investigations on those cases that have been reported from the start of your shift, leaving the previous ones to your co-worker. B. see which cases need investigative work and immediately begin to help by picking up the previously reported cases and starting the investigative process. C. assist by answering the phones and reporting any findings to the investigator previously on duty because he was responsible for the cases on his shift. D. empathize with your co-worker's heavy unfinished case load, but realize that your cases are your primary responsibility.

Correct Solutions.

B. Answer the investigator's questions and provide references and resources. C. Advise the investigator to check the chapter on this subject in the textbook that he got when he went to school. D. Advise the investigator to check with other staff members. E. Advise the investigator to discuss the case with a forensic pathologist. - Answer Answer the investigator's questions and provide references and resources. A nursing home resident was found unresponsive in her wheelchair while wearing a vest restraint. Following resuscitation attempts, examination of the body revealed conjunctival petechiae and a linear pressure mark on the neck. The initial task that should be done at the nursing home is A. order the complete medical record from the last hospitalization. B. file an abuse report with the appropriate agency. C. have the nurse who found the decedent demonstrate the exact position in which the decedent and vest were found. D. allow the body to be released for arterial embalming before autopsy. E. seize all of the patient's belongings and medications pending the investigation. - Answer have the nurse who found the decedent demonstrate the exact position in which the decedent and vest were found. A nursing home's use of physical restraints on patients must be A. ordered by a treating physician. B. ordered by the nurses' aide who cares for the patient on a daily basis. C. ordered by the family. D. approved by the Department of Health. E. any of the above can order restraints on "admitted" patients. - Answer ordered by a treating physician. You are investigating a suspicious death in a nursing home, and you need to find out whether the home is licensed. You should A. ask a friend in the local police department to find out for you. B. call the nursing home and ask the administrator whether the facility is licensed. C. check with the local Office of Consumer Affairs. D. call the Better Business Bureau. E. contact the appropriate state agency. - Answer contact the appropriate state agency. Hospital records should include at a minimum: A. demographics - admission - operative records - nursing records. B. physician orders - next-of-kin information - demographics - nursing records. C. demographics - nursing records - next-of-kin information - history and physical examination. D. history and physical examination - nursing records - dental charts - diagnostic lab reports. E. operative records - medication records - demographics - mental health records. - Answer demographics - nursing records - next-of-kin information - history and physical examination.

Correct Solutions.

You are investigating a nursing-home death and are told by the treating physician that the decedent suffered from schizophrenia. Symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT which ONE? A. Delusions. B. Persistent false beliefs. C. Verbal and/or auditory hallucinations. D. Inability to communicate logically. E. Manic depression. - Answer Manic depression A death investigator arrives at the scene of a death in a mental healthcare facility. What information should be documented regarding the decedent and surroundings? A. The death investigator should note the overall condition of the deceased and his/her environment. B. The death investigator should observe whether the number of staff members taking care of decedent may be inadequate. C. The death investigator should secure the decedent's medical and social services records. D. The death investigator should examine the condition of the surrounding living quarters or room. E. All of the above - Answer All of the above Mutual trust deteriorates when administrators engage in nonsensical conversations with the media. In a police officer involved shooting incident, the spokesperson should A. refuse to meet with the media representatives until all the facts are known. B. make the statement "no comment" when asked about the case by media representatives. C. provide all information known at the time. D. make an honest statement that the matter is under investigation with the promise that a detailed report will follow as soon as possible. E. refer all media representatives to the District Attorney. - Answer make an honest statement that the matter is under investigation with the promise that a detailed report will follow as soon as possible. You are called to the autopsy room where the assistant medical examiner has just identified a gunshot wound on a charred body recovered from a residential house fire. You should A. contact the District Attorney after the toxicology report is complete. B. immediately notify law enforcement. C. refer the case to the prosecutor. D. call the fire department for details of the scene. E. interrogate the family regarding the decedent's will. - Answer immediately notify law enforcement. A 20-year-old college student has a history of an acute febrile illness with headache leading to sudden death. A skin rash is noted. Although no cause of death can be ruled out, the most likely explanation for this death would be A. lyme disease.

Correct Solutions.

Explosions have a number of effects on the human body. Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE? A. Estimation of a victim's distance from the blast based on fragment wounds is highly accurate. B. Interpretation of injury patterns is next to impossible in explosion deaths due to the extreme destruction found in these types of death. C. Most body injuries are related to the victim's position and distance from the explosion. D. The external portion of the autopsy is less important than the internal findings of an autopsy in correlating the position of the body in relation to the bomb. E. Clothing is of no value in correlating the scene with patterns of injury. - Answer Most body injuries are related to the victim's position and distance from the explosion. Deaths due to bombs and explosions are rare occurrences. The predominate federal agency involved in the investigation of the explosive device is the A. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). B. ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms). C. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). D. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). E. DMORT (Disaster Mortuary Team). - Answer ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms). Which ONE of the following drugs would most likely predispose an individual to the effects of environmental hypothermia? A. Cocaine B. Psychotropic medications C. Digoxin D. Tricyclic antidepressants E. Acetaminophen - Answer Psychotropic medications Certain sites in the community are considered "high-risk" locations because of their vulnerability and the likelihood that large numbers of deaths may result from a natural disaster. These sites would include all EXCEPT which of the following: A. trailer parks. B. residential neighborhoods in flood plains. C. a transit bus garage. D. urban centers located on earthquake fault lines. E. suburban and rural areas without adequate fire protection. - Answer a transit bus garage. Before entering a bomb scene to recover the remains of victims, a death investigator must A. be informed by the Incident Commander that the scene is safe to enter. B. obtain permission from the property owner to enter the premises. C. wear a bomb-proof suit. D. have the bodies decontaminated.

Correct Solutions.

E. know what type of device caused the explosion - Answer be informed by the Incident Commander that the scene is safe to enter. A white powder suspected to be cocaine should be collected A. in a clean, dry container. B. in a tube containing water. C. in a tube containing ethanol. D. by picking it up with adhesive tape. E. None of the above - Answer in a clean, dry container. A traffic-crash victim dies in the hospital three days after the crash. He was the driver at fault. You know that toxicology testing on specimens collected at autopsy will not represent substances that may have been present at the time of the crash. What needs to be done next? A. Contact the hospital lab and make arrangements to obtain all remaining specimens that were collected in the Emergency Department after the crash. B. Ask the investigating law enforcement officer to get the specimens for you. C. The hospital performed a urine drug screen on admission. No other tests need to be done. D. You do not need this information, so you do not need to get the specimens. E. Ask the family to get the specimens for you. - Answer Contact the hospital lab and make arrangements to obtain all remaining specimens that were collected in the Emergency Department after the crash. Laboratory analysis of blood and body fluids can reveal important information in the investigation of deaths that are due to therapeutic complications. The best way to ensure that laboratory testing reveals the actual conditions at the time of death is to A. rely on the post-mortem samples drawn at autopsy. B. secure hospital laboratory test results in lieu of samples. C. immediately secure all antemortem blood and body fluid samples from the hospital. D. have the hospital run additional tests on the antemortem samples. E. None of the above - Answer immediately secure all antemortem blood and body fluid samples from the hospital. A man is found dead in a basement, partly suspended by a rope that extends around his neck and over a wood beam. Examination of the beam shows multiple grooves near the location of the rope, suggesting A. the decedent tested the rope several times before committing suicide. B. a struggle during a homicidal hanging. C. possible previous autoerotic activities. D. ritualistic murder. E. a struggle during an attempt to abort the suicide. - Answer possible previous autoerotic activities. In a ligature hanging case, the best way to lower the suspended body is by A. untying only the knot at the neck level, leaving the rest of the ligature intact for measurement.

Correct Solutions.

Restraining devices and safety equipment of a vehicle involved in a crash should be documented because A. they can be removed from the crash vehicle and reinstalled in another automobile. B. documentation of safety equipment in a vehicle involved in a crash is required by state law. C. failure of occupants to use vehicle safety devices, or the malfunction of the devices may determine how injuries occurred. D. seat belts and air bags are a potential hazard and should be outlawed. E. investigators should keep a record of safety equipment as well as vehicle make and model to establish a data base of unsafe vehicles. - Answer failure of occupants to use vehicle safety devices, or the malfunction of the devices may determine how injuries occurred. Physical findings most often seen in shaken impact syndrome includes ALL of the following characteristics EXCEPT which ONE? A. Torn frenulum B. Brain swelling C. Subdural hematoma D. Retinal hemorrhages E. Diffuse axonal injury - Answer Torn frenulum An interview with a decedent's family revealed that he had received methadone treatment in the past. This type of treatment may indicate a history of A. opiate abuse. B. alcoholism. C. paranoid schizophrenia. D. AIDS. E. tranquilizer abuse. - Answer opiate abuse Death due to seizures 48 hours after incarceration would most likely be due to A. food allergy. B. beaten during arrest. C. brain tumor. D. alcohol withdrawal. E. infection. - Answer alcohol withdrawal. An overdose of which ONE of the following drugs most frequently results in hyperthermia. A. Barbiturates B. Heroin C. Marijuana D. Valium (Diazepam) E. Cocaine - Answer Cocaine mechanical, inert-gas, environmental, and pathological - Answer The four primary classifications of asphyxial deaths

Correct Solutions.

a gas which has no toxic or anesthetic properties and does not act upon the heart or hemoglobin. Instead, the gas acts simply to reduce oxygen concentration in blood to dangerously low levels, thereby eventually depriving all cells in the body of oxygen. Argon Halon Helium Nitrogen Methane - Answer inert gas Due to insufficient oxygen in the environment. Deaths are almost always accidental. An oxygen concentration of 16% or less is dangerous, and with 5% concentration, consciousness is lost rapidly and death occurs within a few minutes - Answer Environmental Asphyxia: Confined Space Positional Compression Entrapment or Engulfment Dealing with or attributable a disease or medical condition. These asphyxial deaths are caused from such things as anaphylaxis, pulmonary edema, and COPD - Answer pathological asphyxia Hanging (suspension) Ligature strangulation Manual strangulation Smothering Gagging Choking Drowning - Answer Mechanical asphyxial death Jugular veins: 4.5lbs Carotid Arteries: 11lbs Trachea: 33lbs Vertebral arteries: 66lbs - Answer Weight needed to occlude blood flow

Forensic Investigation Techniques and Procedures, Exams of Nursing

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