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Knowledge(Completed)
Sings of Death Include: - Answer -Lack of Pulse/Respiration -Absence of Heartbeat -Lack of Corneal Reflex and Pupillary Constriction -Coolness of the Body -Rigor Mortis -Livor Mortis Rigor Mortis - Answer Stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death Rigor Mortis (Continued) - Answer -Starts in the smaller muscles (jaw, extremities) First Indicator appears after 2-4 hours Maximum Indicator is after 8-12 hours -Onset and Dissipation of rigor is rapid in children compared to adults Livor Mortis - Answer The pooling of the blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color to the skin Livor Mortis (Continued) - Answer -Takes approximately 2-4 hours to develop -As interval extends, the livor becomes fixed and will not blanch on pressure -Generally, livor is fixed after 8-12 hours after death Tardieu Spots - Answer In advance stages of livor mortis, the skin capillaries often rupture and cause pin point hemorrhages Eye Changes after Death - Answer -Clouding (occurring 1-2 hours) -Sclera Dryness (TACHE NOIR) Body Temperature - Answer -Rate at which bodies cool is NOT uniform!!! Algor Mortis - Answer Cooling of the body after death Decomposition Patterns - Answer 24 hours: greenish discoloration of right, lower abdomen 24-36 hours: greenish discoloration of the abdomen 36-48 hours: marbling, bloating of the face 48-60 hours: desiccation (drying) of the fingertips 60-72 hours: bloating of the body (purging) 4-7 days: skin blebs, hair sloughing, skin slippage days-weeks: dehydration of the body tissues weeks-months: adipocere, mummification, skeletonization Inspect the Body (External: Head) - Answer -Examine the scalp for hidden trauma! -Lacerations may stick together; bullet wounds may be obscured -Inspect ears for hemorrhage/foreign bodies -Evaluate eyes for petechial hemorrhages, jaundice, or trauma -Oral cavity may reveal trauma, foreign bodies, or evidence of poor hygiene -Nasal Septum may be perforated due to chronic cocaine abuse
Knowledge(Completed)
Inspect the Body (External: Neck) - Answer -Any identifiable trauma should be documented -DO NOT recover specimens from neck veins of homicide victims (it might create trauma) -View the posterior neck as well! -Examine the neck for evidence of enlarged lymph nodes, thyroid, and/or other masses -Palpate the neck with PASSIVE flexion and extension to reveal fractures Inspect the Body (External: Chest) - Answer -Examine the dimensions of the chest, documenting the anterior-posterior size -An enlarged, barrel-shaped chest is a sign of chronic lung disease. -Palpate the breasts for any masses Inspect the Body (External: Abdomen) - Answer -Palpate the abdomen to detect the presence of fluid or masses. -Excessive fluid may represent liver cirrhosis or failure. -Document recent and remote surgical incisions. -Trauma may not be readily apparent over the abdominal wall due to the elasticity of the tissues Inspect the Body (External: External Genitalia) - Answer -Examine the external genitalia in the MALE for masses, ulcerations, and surgery. -Note the presence or absence of circumcision -IN FEMALE, examine for prolapse of the uterus, masses, trauma, and ulcerations Inspect the Body (External: Lower Extremities) - Answer -Fractures of the hip are usually indicated by the shortening and external rotation of the limbs -Look for any trauma, fractures, burns, and scratches. -Ascertain the presence of edema or brownish discoloration, suggestive of congestive heart failure. Inspect the Body (External: Upper Extremities) - Answer -Examine color and appearance of fingernails (torn or fractured fingernails may indicate a struggle. -DO NOT attempt to fingerprint the decedent until trace evidence has been recovered. -Examine the antecubital fossae of the arm for the presence of perforations or hemorrhage, which may indicate drug abuse. -Examine wrists for scarring, suggestive of past suicide attempts Inspect the Body (External: Back) - Answer -Inspect the back for evidence of previous surgery or trauma Inspect the Body (External: Skin) - Answer -Examine the skin for color, texture, inflammation, and injury. -Document any tattoos or other identifying marks -Yellow jaundice (icterus) is a sign of liver failure
Knowledge(Completed)
THIRD DEGREE: deep and through the entire skin, requiring skin grafting FOURTH DEGREE: demonstrated by severe charring of the tissues Carbon Monoxide in Blood Relating to Death - Answer 20-30%= Death in children 40-50%= Death in UNHEALTHY adults 50-80%= Death Asphyxial Deaths - Answer Lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide in the tissues of the body -May result from insufficient blood or oxygenated air being delivered to the tissues Strangulation - Answer Compression of the neck, obstructing the flow of air or blood Asphyxia Cause by Hanging - Answer Results from obstruction of the blood or air flow, caused by compression of the neck Petechial Hemorrhage - Answer Small, pinpoint hemorrhage within the conjunctiva of the eyes Aspiration - Answer Inhalation of some foreign object, causing occlusion or obstruction of the airway Mechanical Asphyxia - Answer The inability of the chest to function, inhibiting normal resuscitation (e.g. a car or heavy object compressing the victim's chest) Positional Asphyxia - Answer inadequate breathing or respiratory arrest caused by a body position that restricts breathing Drowning - Answer Type of asphyxia in which water acts to deplete or impede the oxygenation of the tissues There are no distinctive findings to diagnose drowning Most reliable methods of diagnosing drowning - Answer Autopsy Findings History of Submersion The investigator should identify risk factors for drowning in the victim, which includes... - Answer -Inability to Swim -Intoxication by Alcohol/Drugs -History of Epilepsy -Traumatic Injury -Natural Disease -Depression or Previous Suicide Attempts Battered Child Syndrome (Signs of Child Abuse) - Answer _Bruises/Lacerations -Bite-marks -Burns -Dehydration and Starvation
Knowledge(Completed)
-Recent and Healing Fractures -Lacerations of the Frenulum -Head Trauma -Evidence of Sexual Abuse Shaken-Infant Syndrome - Answer Child is violently shaken and frequently struck on the head -Identified by: retinal hemorrhages, fractured ribs, subdural hematoma, and brain swelling (FREQUENTLY NO EXTERNAL INJURY) Resuscitative Trauma - Answer -Placement of intravenous lines for blood/fluid replacement -Cardiac electrical shock -Placement of endotracheal tube -Taping of Therapeutic Tubes -CPR -Intravenous cut down incisions -Chest Tube Placement (through existing trauma) -Antecubital Puncture -Elliptical burns to chest -Fracturing of teeth -Abrasions to Face/Neck -Rib Fractures -Bruising from blood pressure cuff Decomposition Artifacts - Answer Normal decomposition may mimic trauma: Intense lividity around the neck may sem like bruising (suggesting strangulation) Tache noir may appear traumatic Bloating and distention of gasses against resisting clothing may micic ligature marks Post-mortem blister may mimic burns Environmental Artifacts - Answer Freezing/Cold temperatures retard the onset of rigor Injury to a frozen body may result in artifctual bruises Exposure to cold may result in a cherry-red coloration to the lividity, mimicking the appearance of carbon monoxide posing. Heat may cause stiffening of the body, charring results in flexion contraction of the body Artifacts due to Animal Activity - Answer Animal/Insect bites to the body may result in scratches, ulcerations, and denudation of the body (may mimic injury/trauma (These injuries are typically dry and oriented in a linear arrangement without evidence of hemorrhage) Chemical Artifact - Answer Gasoline may cause injury to the body that suggests burn trauma
Knowledge(Completed)
-Due to high resistance of dental structure to heat, 85-90% of victims are identified by examining dental structures Serology - Answer Refers to the lab tests used to identify blood and bodily fluids on the basis of antigen and antibody reactions -Antigens (red blood cell) -Antibodies (in liquid portion of blood (plasma)) Major Blood Groups - Answer A, B, AB, O Blood collected in different colored tubes - Answer Red-no anticoagulant purple- EDTA green-heparin gray-sodium fluoride DNA Analysis - Answer Modern crime labs are capable of detecting and determining an individual's DNA code (allowing for positive ID of a person) -DNA is contained in the chromosomes located in each cell of the body -Can be detected in blood, hair, semen, bone, and any tissue that contains cells Bloodstains - Answer -Bloodstains can provide facts as to the origin of the blood, direction of injury or flight, angle and velocity of impact, number of blows, and nature of weapons found at scene -Blood can be readily identified by the deep pink color produced running a phenolphthalein test Preservation and Collection of Blood Samples - Answer -Persevered in a dry state in a paper bag or envelope (scene) -At autopsy, blood should be collected in an EDTA anticoagulant (purple) and serum tube Sexual Assault Test Kits - Answer -Pathologists will commonly take anal, oral, and vaginal swabs and will recover pulled head and pubic hair, blood, and other pertinent samples *the victims clothing should always be retained and packaged separately in paper bags Toxicology Specimen Procurement - Answer *Obtain postmortem blood sample from a peripheral site (preferably subclavian or femoral vein) Routine Biological Specimens Taken by Investigator - Answer -Peripheral Blood -Urine -vitreous Fluid -Physical Evidence Physical Drug Evidence - Answer *Alter pathologists of previous drug abuse history and any items recovered from the scene
Knowledge(Completed)
Analytical Techniques - Answer -Drugs detected on screening are measured to determine the amount of drugs present Preservation/Anticoagulants - Answer A portion of the blood sample should be placed in a container with sodium fluoride (gray) to preserve for future examination Labeling - Answer The sample should be immediately labeled with the decedent's name, case numver, date and time of recovery, and initials of person who obtained the sample Storage - Answer After samples are taken, they should immediately be placed in a refrigerator until submitted to the toxicologiis Chain-of-Custody - Answer *Must be established for each sample submitted to the lab -A legal defensible lab sample is one that has all of the following: chain of custody, proper labeling, proper storage before analysis, testing performed by qualified, competent personnel (valid lab) Anthropology - Answer -Specialized in the study of the human skeleton -Can determine information from skeletal material to assist in identifying the remains -Can help with remains recovery from a scene -Can estimate gender, age, and geographic race of the decedent, also identified or excludes trauma Forensic Psychiatry - Answer -Evaluate the conscious of subconscious emotional reactions of the alleged perp and witness related to the death that is under investigation -Gathers information by examining the scene, victim, and pertinent investigative data as well as interviewing family, friends, and acquaintances of vic and perp) When interviewing witnesses on scene, the investigator should... - Answer 1. maintain a humane, empathetic attitude
- be observant
- be a good listener Anesthesiology - Answer -anesthesia may be administered endotracheal, epidural, or intravenous *physicians who specialize in the administration, control, and delivery of anesthesia Forensic Nursing - Answer May assist the death investigator in a variety of tasks, including: death notification, notifying investigative contacts of circumstances surrounding significant trauma, providing information for organ procurement, participating education programs, coordinating care of criminally assaulted victims, gathering initial evidence with appropriate chain of custody, conducting sexual assault examinations
Knowledge(Completed)
Shotguns - Answer A smooth-barreled weapon that can fire multiple pellets. The size of the barrel is called the GAUGE (12 = most common) The smaller the number, the larger the pellet Shotgun ranges - Answer Less than 10 feet: wad may enter the victim's body 10-20 feet: was will leave an abrasion on the victim's skin Range of Fire - Answer Distance between the weapon and the target victim when the weapon is discharged Range Classifications - Answer Contact Close Range Intermediate Distant Investigation (Ballistics) - Answer The investigator should collect the following information: -ballistic evidence (weapon and Serial number, spent or unspent bullets, and ejected cartridges)
