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Technical Report No. 2
THE NCAO MODEL FOREST
Development of a Model Forest for Sustainable Forest Management in Thailand A Partnership in Support of Sustainable Forest Management in Thailand
FFD 5199 Rev. I (F)
Forest Research Office, Royal Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Government of Thailand with support from:
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Government of Japan
International Model Forest Network Secretariat (IMFNS)
and
Mr. Richard H. Baerg
December 2000
International Consultant
Technical Report No. 2
Tnn NCAO MODEL FOREST
A Partnership in Support of Sustainable Forest Management in Thailand
Development of a Model Forest for Sustainable Forest Management in Thailand FFD 5199 Rev. I or)
Forest Research Office, Royal Forest Department
Ministry of Agi'iculture and Cooperatives
Government of Thailand
with slipport from:
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Government of Japan international Model Forest Network Secretariat (IMFNS) and Mr. Richard H. Baerg
December 2000
international Consultant
The Ngao Model .Forest was developed to contribute to the conservation and sustainable
use of forest resources in Thailand while deriving from these resources their full economic
potential so as to improve the living conditions for rural families and communities.
The project strategy is to encourage the concerted involvement of various interested
groups, locally and nationally, in the conservation and management of natural resources,
with a view to using these resources for productive purposes, while ensuring protection of
the environment and the conservation of bio-diversity, and meeting the needs of the local communities.
EXECl. ITIVE SUMMARY
The sponsors of the Ngao Model Forest are the Royal Forest Departtnent, Lampang
Province Govenunent, Ngao Demonstration Forest, Kasetsart University Faculty of
Forestry, Tham Pha Thai National Park, Agricultural Land Reforrn Office and Ngao
District Government.
Partnership is a key of the Model Forest concept. The Ngao Model Forest partnership is compromised of 25 organizations and institutions, which collectively represent all of the main land uses and land users in the project area. The partners are identified in the proposal and have been involved in its preparation. The partnership is seen as being dynamic in
nature and other parchers are invited to join in as they learn more about the Model Forest
and its prograrri of activities.
Seven development objectives have been set for the Ngao Model Forest, underlying as
many programs of activity. They are:
I. To provide all parttiers with an up-to-date and easily accessible data base on forest
land and resources, including non-timber forest products to support decision- making o11 land-use PIarrriing and sustainable forest management;
2. To manage, protect and sustainably use all forest lands, including natural and man-
made forests, maintain biodiversity and enhance watershed protection;
- To improve the livelihoods of local populations through the sustainable use of forest lands and forest resources;
4. To conduct applied research and demonstration, in support of the programs of
activities to be implemented in the model forest, with special emphasis on the
rehabilitation of degraded forest lands, the application of activities to support soil
and water conservation and approaches to address encroachment of protected forest
'an, ,,
11
To increase the awareness and understanding of all partners, both professionals and 5.
technicians working at the field level, and local people and the eneral ublic. The
intention is to establish links between research and operations so that new
teclmologies can be made available to those who must apply them in their dail
work.
To participate as a full member in the International Model Forest Network and 6.
thereby expand the capacity of the Ngao Model Forest partnership to develo , test
and apply new approaches to support sustainable forest management.
To ensure the efficient and transparent management of the Model Forest 11rrou h
the building of an effective painiership and operation of a sim 16 and efficient
management structure.
Each one of the seven programs comprises a series of activities to be implemented over
time, on the basis of priorities and annual plans of operation agreed u on b the art
The seven programs are:
I. Development of a Comprehensive Data Base
Sustainable Forest Management
Diversification of Economic Activity
Applied Research
Training, Extension, Public Awareness
- Networking and Technology Transfer
- Management and Administration I^ ,
' The managementI'aiministration of the Ngao Model Forest will includ fl 'bl
mechanisms that allow for the participation of all of the partners in the decision maki
process and a penmanent but simple structure for day-to-day operations, hitiall the N ao
Model Forest will be administered by the Royal Forest De artment. Ove t' , th
intention is that the partnership will evolve into a legally registered - or alitzation. This Tl
provide the organization with its own independence and accountability.
The next step in the development of the Ngao Model Forest will be a worksho that will be
attended by the proposed Model Forest partriership. The objective of this worksho w'11 b
to have the proposed partners review, modify and endorse this proposal, In his process the
partnership will be officially created and they will take ownershi of the To OSal. Th
programs and activities that are outlined here are therefore subject to chari e as in a b
deemed necessary and so defined by the partnership. These changes are not ex ected t
significantly modify the programs of work but rather to bring more defiriition and detail to
the objectives, specific programs, projects, work plans and budgets. This is therefore a
working and living document.
IV
SPONSORS
The following sponsors present the proposal for the N an Mod I' F b
partners. They are listed in random order.
I. Royal Forest Department
Lampang Province Goverriiiient
Ngao Demonstration Forest
Kanetsart University, Faculty of Forestry
5, Tham Pha Thai National Park
- Agricultural Land Reform Office
- Ngao District Govenunent
PARTNERS
The following individuals and institutions have indicated their interest in participating, together with the sponsors, as partners in the Ngao Model Forest, Most ave contributed to the development of this proposal. Formal conrrnitments to speci IC
activities to be undertaken under the programs described in itlis proposal, will be agree
upon and defined in the preparation and approval of the ami11al work plan. ey are listed in random order.
I. National Forest Policy Coriumittee
- Forest Industry Organization
- Tourism Authority of Than and
- Ngao Farmer's Association
- Farmer' s Federation of Thailand
- RFD - Criteria and Indicators Technical Panel
- Wildlife Fund Thailand
- District Council (Amphoe)
- Sub-District Council (Tambon)
- Village Council (Mooban)
- HillTribe's Association
- Women's Union of Ngao
- People' s Organization
- Village Headmen
- Mae Yom National Park
- Lampang Medicinal Plants Conservation Assembly 17, Charcoal Industry Representative
- Wood Carving and Handicrafts Association
V
6.7 Program 5: Training, Extension, Public Awareness 6.8 Program 6: Networking and Technology Transfer 6.9 Program 7: Management and Administration
7.0 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 7.1 The Management Structure 7.2 Creating and Strengthening the Partnership
8.0 WORK PLAN, BUDGETS AND^ FINANCING 8.1 Work Plan
8.2 Evaluation and Program Review
8.3 Budgets
ANNEX Ngao Model Forest Project Proposal
20 21 22
Vll
23 23 25
25 25 26 27
A-O A-I
Vlll
DF
$us
FAO
GIS
ha
IMFN
IMFNS
ITTO
nun
MF
NTFP ' s
RFD
SFM
SPK
STK
TAC
Demonstration Forest
United States Dollar
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
geographic information system
hectare
International Model Forest Network
International Model Forest Network Secretariat
International Tropical Timber Organization
millimeter
Model Forest
nori-timber forest products
Royal Forest Department
sustainable forest management
temporary cultivation rights
temporary cultivation rights
technical advisory committee
ACRONYMS
2
from the govenmient, private and non-government sectors, who find interest in this
document and wish to become partners in the Ngao Model Forest.
2.0 THE INTERNATIONAL MODEL FOREST NETWORK
The Ngao Model Forest is unique and reflects the environmental, social, cultural and
economic attributes of Thailand and more specifically those found in the project area. Like
all other model forests in the International Model Forest Network (IMFN) it is a working
scale forest that demonstrates sustainable and integrated forest management. It involves not
only the trees but the entire landscape, the ecosystem, and the people that inhabit that
landscape. The following key attributes are shared and are the basis of the establishment of
all model forests:
Partnership, a model forest provides a forum whereby the participants and agencies
responsible for activities within the model forest area, are linked together b
common objectives;
.
' A commitment to sustainable forest management;
' A land base large enough in size to incorporate the area's forest uses and values;
' A range of activities reflecting the value of forest resources and addressing the
needs of the community;
' An organizational and governance structure in which partners with different values
can work comfortably together; and
' Building and sharing a knowledge base with others across the world in the network
of model forests.
Today there are 21 model forests in the IMFN and their priorities and activities are
identified by the partnership. Model forests are involved in a wide range of activities that
include the following:
. conserving and protecting forest resources through sound development initiatives; . identifying opportunities for economic diversification and giving increased value to
forests through alternative uses (e. g. rural tourism);
. education, training and capacity development; . supporting applied forest research; . developing meaningful ways of measuring progress towards sustainable
development (e. g. local level indicators on bio-diversity); and
using the International Model Forest Network to eXchange information, knowledge,
and expertise in identifying, developing and applying new Iec}in o10gies. .
3.0 Tnn NCAO MODEL FOREST
3.1 General Descri tion
3.1, I The Coun
The Kingdom of Thailand is located between 5' and 21' north latitude and 98 and 106 east longitude. The total area of the country is 513,115 square kilometres (see Figure I).
In 1964 about 43% of the land area of the country was forTrialIy registered as national
forest reserve, However, due to the high demand for land and timber products during the
last three decades, much of the forest land jus been converted to other uses, including agi. foulture. Tliis has resulted in a significant reduction of the forest area; the existing forest area in Thailand in 1995 was only about 26% of the total land area.
To preserve the Tennining forest lands, the Thai govermnent banned logging throughout the country in 1987. As well, for nature conservation and the mumtenance of the
environmental balance, the seventh National Econonxic and Social Development Plan
0992 - 1996) designated that 40% of the country' s area be designated forest reserve. Twenty-five percent of the forest had base was reserved as protection forests in the foam of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, nature conservation forests, and wild land for other environmental protection purposes. The remaining forest reserve 05%) was designated as productive forest, which would provide regular timber output and other rimor profits
based on intersive forest management, fits policy was strongly supported by the office
of the National Environment Board, which also set-up a "watershed classification determination" scheme all over the country in 1989.
To achieve the target of increasing the forest reserve area from 26% to 40 fo the Royal Forest Department (RED) and the Thai government launched a large scale forest plantation effort in the encroached areas of the country. In addition, to support the full participation of local coinrriunities in the sustair^bio management of forest resources the governrrient is developing a new proposed Con^nunity Forestry Act. This Act, which is currently before the National Parliament, will. address critical issues. of land use at the coriumunity level and facilitate the participation of local coriumunities in the development and implementation of forest resource Inanegement plans. The 1.1gao Model Forest offers an excellent operational base to test and apply this new Act.
Thailand
3
3.1.2 The 1.1 an Model Forest
The Ngao Model Forest shares its boundaries with the Ngao Demonstration Forest which
covers an area of 175,159 hectares, and is located north-west of Lampang Province in
northern Thailand between 18'20' and 19'05' north latitude, and 99'45 and 100 05 east longitude. The area covers the headwaters of the Ngao River in northwest Lampang Province.
The Ngao Demonstration Forest was established in 1961. It is the only Demonstration Forest in Thailand and it has a long history of being the base for the introduction, testing and adaptation of new forest management techniques. The establishment of a Model Forest as part of the Demonstration Forest will further expand this history. A new forest management plan for the Demonstration Forest is currently be completed as part of the ITTO supported pre-project activities for the introduction of the Model Forest. This management plan will guide the day-to~day operations of the demonstration forest. The demonstration forest therefore provides the field base for the Model Forest. The Ngao Model Forest will undertake activities which are additional to those of the demonstration forest. It does not over-Tide any existing legislation or administrative frameworks. Instead it
will provide a fortmi within which the partners will undertake collaborative projects which
address their broad range of forest based needs and values. And these projects, which are
based upon adaptive management, when successful, will play a key role in supporting the
development of new forest policies at the national level.
3.1.3 To o re h
The topography of the project area is mountainous with intercepting plains and valleys. The
altitude ranges from 200 to 1,400 metres. The area is traversed by national highway
number I, along Lampang province and Payao province, which lie respectively 70 km and
60 kin from Ngao district. A provincial highway, number 103, connects Ngao district to
Song district in Phiae province, about 4 kill, southeast of Ngao district.
The Ngao Demonstration Forest (DF) includes the watershed areas of the three main rivers
in Ngao District, these being the Mas Ngao in the north, the Mae Huat and the Mae Teeb both in the south. These rivers drain into the Mae Yom which is a main river in the northern region of Thailand
5
^!^
The geology of Lampang province originated from the decay of limestone and sandstone
mountains. Thus, the Ngao DF is comprised of two main types of geological fonnations:
recent alluvial terraces and old alluvial terraces.
I. Recent alluvial terraces: this area is comprised of river banks, plains and new semi-
terraces. It originated from sediments eroded by water. The texture of the soils varies from sandy to clay. The main group is Alluvial soils, Noricalcic Brown, Hydromorphic and Low Hornic Gley soils. This fomiation is found in Mae Ngao and Mae Teeb watershed areas.
2.01d alluvial terraces: This area is undulating. It originated from sediments eroded by water during the PIGistoceue period. The main group of soils is Regosols, low Hornic Gley soils, Reddish Brown Latentic soils Grey Podzolic soils and Latosols. This formation is dominant in the area.
.
6
3.1.5 Climate
The Ngao DF is under the influence of two monsoons: the southwest and rth t
monsoons. The climate is therefore divided into three seasons: the cool, the hot and th
rainy season,
The average temperature is about 25.6'C, and the monthly average tern Grante ran es
from 19.3'C in December to 30.2'C in April. The amiual avera e rainfallis ab t 1120
rum. The average rainfall for Ngao DF is higher than surrounding nearby areas.
3.1.6 Ve etation
dry evergreen, mixed The forest covering Ngao DF is classified into four main t es:
deciduous, dry dipterocaip and teak forests described as follows:
I'Dry evergreen forests cover an area of 4,172 ha. or 2.38 percent of the total area. This
type of forest can be found in scattered areas along the depressions on the lain and in
humid valleys of the hills, or fonning galleries along streams and rivers.
2. Mixed deciduous forests cover an area of 78,083 ha. or 44.58 ercent .of the total
This type of forest is generally found at both higher and lower elevations, on sand loam
or latentic colluvial soil. Armual precipitation is between 600 and 1,000 nun. This forest
consists of rectona grandis, ,;:71iq kerni, Daibergia oval@, etc,
- Dry dipterocarp forests cover an area of 24,220 hectares or 13.83 percent of the total
area. This forest is found between 200 and 1,000 in above mean sea level. The dominant
species are dipterocarp sp.
4. Teak plantations cover an area of 7060 ha. or 4.03 percent of the total area. These
plantations are located between 200 and 600 in. above mean sea level.
Figure 2 provides a map showing the forest cover types in the project area.
3.1,7 Wildlife
No intensive wildlife survey data is available for Ngao DF. However, at least 61 bird
species of 31 families were recorded during the bird survey in January 1987. In addition,
several wildlife species such as serow, bears, wild pig, wild cats, barking deer, civets,
monkeys, squirrels and others have been reported by local villagers.
8
3.2 Present Land Use
There are several categories of land use in Noao DF. Approximately forty percent of the
forest area is under two national parks ThanI Pha Thai (69,607 ha or 39.74%) and Mae
Yom National Park (1,244 ha or 0.71%). According to a study undertaken in 1993, land use
in the area can be classified as follows:
FOREST AREA
Everoreen Forest
Mixed Deciduous Forest
Dry Di teroc
Productive Iantation
Protective Plantation
TOTAL FOREST COVER
NON-FOREST AREA
Forest
Settlement Area
Aoriculture Area
Old Clearinos
Deforested Area
Water Bodies
AREA ';Ia
Mining Area
TOTAL NON-FOREST
COVER
4,172.
78,082.
24,222,
TOTAL
1989~93)
7,061.
3.3 Social and Coinmuni
2,548.
There are 62 villages in the Ngao Model Forest or 5,170 households with a total population
of approximately 48,000 inhabitants, Figure 3 shows the location of the villages in the
project area. Approximately 16 percent of the total population are hill tribe peoples, They
include Karen, Hmong, Yao and Ae Ko peoples who are scattered troughout the area and
are located primarily in the mountainous areas, In contrast the non-tribal peoples are found
primarily in the lowland areas along the main rivers in the I\Igao DF,
A socio-economic survey was conducted as part of the planning phase for the model forest
with support from the ITTO pre-project (PPD 5199 Rev. I (F)). This survey provides an
excellent overview of the characteristics of the local communities. It indicates that 71.3%
of the population hold land of which the majority own less than 1.0 ha. Integrated farmino
including crops such as rice, various cereals, vegetables and small cash crops are the most
coriumon land use. Fruit orchards are the second most coriumon aoricultural activity and
represent 19.8% of agricultural land use.
PERCENT COVER
AREA ha)
4,724.
8,095.
48,868.
Considerations
PERCENT COVER
175,159,
~-
(^8) ^ 61
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ite
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Ban Khoi Ban Sop PCn Ban Rong
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n
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n So
Ban Ia
rig Tai
N Legend
. I^I ' 11^I second, ,, Road
Ban P. La
Khun Mee HLnt
Ban Thu
Study Sits (Vinage) Village Main Road
Source : Forest Resources Assess, rent Division, Forest Research Office Royal Forest Depart, null, 2000.
Figure 3 Villages ill Ngao Model Forest
580
Ban Dong Kh ae Teap L. Ia g Ban Na orig
Ban
Tai
U
590 600
N
A
610
2 o^ a^ ,^" ^ 620
