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50+ Short question answers of pharmacology 1st yr, Exams of Medicine

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical SciencesMedicine

Exam preparation short question answers for 1st yr on subject pharmacology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/18/2025

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BAQ Pharmacology
1. Four advantages of the intravenous (IV) route of administration:
Rapid onset of action
100% bioavailability (no first-pass metabolism)
Suitable for large volumes and irritating drugs
Precise control over drug levels
2. Four sources of drugs:
Natural sources (Plants, Animals, Microorganisms)
Synthetic sources (Laboratory-made drugs)
Biotechnology-derived drugs (Recombinant DNA technology)
Mineral sources (Iron, Magnesium, Zinc supplements)
3. Four sites for drug metabolism:
Liver (Primary site)
Kidney
Lungs
Intestines
4. Four routes that avoid first-pass metabolism:
Sublingual
Transdermal
Intravenous
Rectal (partially avoids it)
5. Four routes of drug excretion:
Renal (urine)
Hepatic (bile)
Pulmonary (exhaled air)
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BAQ Pharmacology

  1. Four advantages of the intravenous (IV) route of administration: Rapid onset of action 100% bioavailability (no first-pass metabolism) Suitable for large volumes and irritating drugs Precise control over drug levels
  2. Four sources of drugs: Natural sources (Plants, Animals, Microorganisms) Synthetic sources (Laboratory-made drugs) Biotechnology-derived drugs (Recombinant DNA technology) Mineral sources (Iron, Magnesium, Zinc supplements)
  3. Four sites for drug metabolism: Liver (Primary site) Kidney Lungs Intestines
  4. Four routes that avoid first-pass metabolism: Sublingual Transdermal Intravenous Rectal (partially avoids it)
  5. Four routes of drug excretion: Renal (urine) Hepatic (bile) Pulmonary (exhaled air)

Sweat and saliva

  1. Prototype drug: A prototype drug is the first drug in a class that serves as a reference for other drugs with similar properties. Example: Morphine (opioid analgesics)
  2. Four examples of drugs obtained from plant sources: Atropine (Belladonna plant) Digoxin (Digitalis plant) Quinine (Cinchona bark) Morphine (Opium poppy)
  3. Four Phase 1 reactions (Biotransformation reactions): Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis Deamination
  4. Four reactions catalyzed by microsomal enzymes: Oxidation (via Cytochrome P450) Hydroxylation Dealkylation Reduction
  5. Four Phase 2 reactions (Conjugation reactions): Glucuronidation Sulfation Acetylation Methylation

Helps in detoxification of harmful substances

  1. Four drugs given as transdermal patches: Nitroglycerin Fentanyl Nicotine Estradiol
  2. Four main routes of drug administration: Oral Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous
  3. Four enzyme inhibitors: Erythromycin Cimetidine Ketoconazole Grapefruit juice
  4. Four factors affecting renal excretion: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Active tubular secretion Passive reabsorption Urine pH
  5. Four drugs given via the parenteral route:

Insulin Heparin Morphine Ceftriaxone

  1. Four drugs that undergo first-pass effect: Propranolol Morphine Nitroglycerin Verapamil
  2. Four drugs for which food retards absorption: Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones Levothyroxine Phenytoin
  3. Two Phase I reactions: Oxidation Reduction
  4. Two routes avoiding first-pass metabolism: Sublingual Transdermal
  5. Four drugs that do not undergo first-pass effect: Insulin Fentanyl (IV) Midazolam (IV)

Binds to an allosteric site or irreversibly to the receptor. Cannot be overcome by increasing the agonist concentration. Reduces the maximal response of the agonist. Shifts the dose-response curve downward.

  1. Two targets for drug action: Receptors (e.g., β-adrenergic receptors for adrenaline). Enzymes (e.g., Acetylcholinesterase for neostigmine).
  2. Two types of antagonism: Competitive antagonism (e.g., Atropine vs. Acetylcholine). Non-competitive antagonism (e.g., Ketamine vs. NMDA receptor).
  3. Four types of adverse drug reactions (ADR): Type A (Dose-dependent, predictable, e.g., Hypoglycemia with insulin). Type B (Idiosyncratic, unpredictable, e.g., Anaphylaxis with penicillin). Type C (Chronic, long-term, e.g., Osteoporosis with steroids). Type D (Delayed, e.g., Carcinogenicity with chemotherapy).
  4. Define pharmacovigilance. Pharmacovigilance is the science of detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects of drugs.
  5. Two types of drug dependence: Psychological dependence (e.g., Cocaine addiction). Physical dependence (e.g., Opioid withdrawal symptoms).
  6. State agonist and antagonist with one example: Agonist: A drug that activates a receptor (e.g., Salbutamol – β₂ agonist). Antagonist: A drug that blocks a receptor (e.g., Propranolol – β-blocker).
  1. Define pharmacodynamics: Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs exert their effects on the body (mechanism of action, dose-response relationships).
  2. Define tachyphylaxis: Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in drug response with repeated administration. Example: Nitroglycerin in angina.
  3. Two examples of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): β-adrenergic receptors (for adrenaline). Muscarinic receptors (for acetylcholine).
  4. Various non-receptor mechanisms of drug action: Enzyme inhibition (e.g., Aspirin inhibits COX enzyme). Ion channel blockers (e.g., Lidocaine blocks sodium channels). Osmotic effects (e.g., Mannitol as an osmotic diuretic). Chelation (e.g., Deferoxamine for iron poisoning).
  5. Define drug tolerance: Drug tolerance is a decreased response to a drug with repeated use, requiring higher doses for the same effect.
  6. Two receptor mechanisms of drug action: Ligand-gated ion channels (e.g., Nicotinic receptors). G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., Dopamine receptors).
  7. Four therapeutic uses of diazepam: Anxiety disorders Muscle spasms

Naltrexone

  1. Drug of choice for acute morphine poisoning and its route of administration: Drug: Naloxone Route: Intravenous (IV)
  2. Four agonist-antagonist (κ-analgesics) complex action opioids: Pentazocine Butorphanol Nalbuphine Buprenorphine
  3. Drug of choice for febrile seizures: Diazepam
  4. Four important contraindications to morphine: Respiratory depression Head injury (risk of increased intracranial pressure) Severe asthma or COPD Pregnancy (risk of neonatal withdrawal)
  5. General anesthetic causing “dissociative anesthesia” Ketamine
  6. Four centers depressed due to morphine action: Respiratory center Cough center Vomiting center (initial stimulation followed by depression) Temperature regulation center
  1. Two short-acting and two ultra-short-acting barbiturates: Short-acting: Pentobarbital, Secobarbital Ultra-short-acting: Thiopental, Methohexital
  2. Two actions of morphine that do not develop tolerance: Miosis (pupil constriction) Constipation
  3. Two natural and two synthetic opioid analgesics: Natural opioids: Morphine, Codeine Synthetic opioids: Fentanyl, Methadone
  4. Enumerate two Selective COX-2 inhibitors: Celecoxib Etoricoxib
  5. Enlist two adverse effects of Histamine: Hypotension (due to vasodilation) Bronchoconstriction (especially in asthmatics)
  6. Enlist two clinical uses of Spironolactone: Treatment of heart failure Management of primary hyperaldosteronism
  7. Enumerate four pharmacological actions of Histamine: Vasodilation leading to hypotension Increased vascular permeability (causing edema) Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
  1. State the mechanism of Spironolactone: Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist that inhibits sodium retention and potassium excretion in the distal renal tubules, leading to diuresis and potassium conservation.
  2. Enumerate four adverse effects of Aspirin: Gastric irritation and ulceration Increased risk of bleeding (due to antiplatelet effect) Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) Reye’s syndrome (in children with viral infections)
  3. Two drugs used for the prophylaxis of migraine are:
  4. Propranolol (Beta-blocker)
  5. Topiramate (Antiepileptic drug)
  6. Enumerate four 5-HT Antagonists: Ondansetron Granisetron Cyproheptadine Methysergide
  7. Enlist two uses of antihistamines: Treatment of allergic conditions (e.g., rhinitis, urticaria) Prevention of motion sickness
  8. Enumerate four sulfonamides that are used topically: Silver sulfadiazine (burn wound infections) Sulfacetamide (ocular infections) Mafenide (burn wound infections) Sulfanilamide (vaginal infections)
  1. Enumerate two sulfonamides: Sulfamethoxazole Sulfadiazine
  2. Enumerate four adverse reactions of Chloramphenicol: Bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia) Gray baby syndrome Gastrointestinal disturbances Peripheral neuropathy
  3. Enumerate four side effects of Cotrimoxazole: Skin rashes (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) Hyperkalemia Bone marrow suppression Gastrointestinal disturbances
  4. Enlist four antimicrobial agents that are bactericidal: Penicillins Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Aminoglycosides
  5. Enumerate four side effects of Fluconazole: Hepatotoxicity Nausea and vomiting QT prolongation Skin rashes

Piperacillin Ticarcillin

  1. Enumerate two adverse effects of penicillin: Hypersensitivity reactions (rash, anaphylaxis) Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea)
  2. Enumerate two uses of antifungal agents: Treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g., candidiasis, aspergillosis) Treatment of superficial fungal infections (e.g., dermatophytosis)
  3. Enlist two drugs used in hyperthyroidism: Methimazole Propylthiouracil (PTU)
  4. Enlist two drugs from oral hypoglycemics: Metformin (Biguanide) Glimepiride (Sulfonylurea)
  5. Enlist two examples of antiprogestin: Mifepristone Ulipristal acetate
  6. Enlist one advantage and one disadvantage of radioactive iodine: Advantage: Permanent treatment for hyperthyroidism Disadvantage: May cause hypothyroidism requiring lifelong hormone replacement
  7. Enlist two drugs of meglitinide analogs: Repaglinide

Nateglinide

  1. Enumerate two selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD): Fulvestrant Bazedoxifene
  2. Enlist two drugs from the sulfonylurea class: Glibenclamide Glipizide
  3. Enlist any two adverse effects of antithyroid drugs: Agranulocytosis Hepatotoxicity
  4. Enlist four common adverse reactions of insulin: Hypoglycemia Weight gain Injection site reactions Lipodystrophy
  5. Enumerate two therapeutic indications of thyroid hormones: Hypothyroidism treatment (e.g., Levothyroxine for Hashimoto's thyroiditis) Myxedema coma management
  6. Enlist four benefits of oral contraceptive pills apart from unwanted pregnancy: Regulation of menstrual cycles Reduction in ovarian and endometrial cancer risk Treatment of acne Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Hypothyroidism treatment Myxedema coma management Goiter suppression Adjunct in depression therapy

  1. Two drugs with antihypertensive properties: Amlodipine Lisinopril
  2. Two antihypertensive drugs used in hypertensive emergency: Sodium nitroprusside Labetalol
  3. Four adverse effects of Propranolol: Bradycardia Hypotension Fatigue Bronchospasm
  4. Two antihypertensive drugs contraindicated in pregnancy: ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (e.g., Losartan)
  5. Two adverse effects of amlodipine: Peripheral edema Dizziness
  6. Four indications of Propranolol: Hypertension

Angina Migraine prophylaxis Essential tremor

  1. Two therapeutic uses of beta-blockers: Hypertension management Heart failure treatment
  2. Two antihypertensive drugs used in pregnancy: Methyldopa Labetalol
  3. Two therapeutic uses of alpha-blockers: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Hypertension
  4. Two plasma expanders: Albumin Dextran
  5. Two therapeutic uses of vitamin K: Warfarin overdose reversal Prevention of hemorrhagic disease of newborns
  6. Two pharmacological actions of heparin: Inhibition of thrombin formation Prevention of clot propagation
  7. Two therapeutic uses of anticoagulants: