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The novel for this study is Osamu Dazai's No Longer Human which tells the story of a man named Oba Yozo who has trouble with his own perception of self.
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANDRIAN YOGA PRADANA Student Number: 134214128 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANDRIAN YOGA PRADANA Student Number: 134214128 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017
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TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... vi MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 4 D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 10
- 1. Factors Influencing Self-Harming Personality - 2. Factors Influencing Dependent Personality xiii
ANDRIAN YOGA PRADANA, Self-Identity Establishment of The Main Character in Osamu Dazai’s “No Longer Human”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017. Novel pada penelitian ini adalah No Longer Human karangan Osamu Dazai, yang menceritakan tentang seorang pria bernama Oba Yozo yang memiliki masalah dengan persepsi dirinya sendiri. Ia percaya bahwa ia berbeda dengan manusia normal. Hidupnya juga terbebani dengan depresi. Sepanjang hidupnya, perubahan kepribadiannya terjadi pada rentang masa kecil dan masa dewasa. Perkembangan kepribadiannya dimungkinkan terjadi dengan pengaruh beberapa faktor. Ada tiga rumusan masalah yang harus dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Pertama adalah tentang perkembangan karakter Oba Yozo. Yang kedua adalah tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Yozo. Rumusan masalah ketiga adalah tetang pembentukan identitas diri Oba Yozo. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Sumber dalam penelitian ini diambil dari sumber cetak dan daring. Untuk melakukan penelitian ini, pendekatan psikologis diterapkan untuk membantu menganalisa perkembangan Oba Yozo dan pembentukan identitas dirinya. Beberapa teori lain juga diterapkan dalam penelitian ini guna menemukan jawaban atas rumusan masalah. Hasil dari analisis ini adalah bahwa Oba Yozo mengalami perubahan kepribadian selama rentang masa kecil dan masa dewasa. Beberapa kepribadian masa kecilnya berkembang menjadi kepribadian yang berbeda saat dia dewasa. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadiannya, termasuk faktor internal dan eksternal. Kecemasan Yozo merupakan faktor penting yang menjadi sumber utama perilaku negatifnya. Kecemasannya dimulai dari proses pembentukan identitas dirinya. Dalam proses ini, dia menciptakan kesenjangan antara real-self dan ideal-self nya dalam ketidakcocokan dan kebingungan pada actualizing tendency nya.
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A. Background of the Study In literary work, character is the significant element which could become the focus of a story. M.H. Abrams described character as the persons pictured in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as having particular value (Abrams, 1999: 32-33). Character is important in a literary work because it helps build the tension and drive the story. During their childhood, people will most likely learn things they do not know from their surroundings, including family and society where they lived. During this period of time, most children copies the behaviors from their parents and environment. After these children became teenager or adult, some will continue to do what their parents have taught and believe it as the best norm accepted by society, while the others begin to questions themselves about their self-identity and purposes in their life. This question about self-identity and purposes of one’s life is common in our nowadays society and mostly people can find their own answer about themselves. The question can cover wide range of area, from purposes, dreams, desires, and way of life or anything else. After they find their own answer and way to life, it can leads into changing of personality and perspective towards life. The topic in this research is the connection of the self-identity establishment to main characters’ personality development. The main character in this novel find
3 actual happenings into sort of perversion (Brudnoy, 1968: 458-459). Dazai was suffered from guilt and feeling of isolation from his surroundings, both from the ’world’ and ‘family’ (Brudnoy, 1968: 457). No Longer Human was his last work before he died and the main character of the story has the closest personality compared to the author, having psychological problem and existential crisis as a human being. The study of Japanese literature especially in the period after 1945, is interesting because during that time most of the literary works are portraying the decadent era of Japan when people are losing their purpose in live. Looking at the world from the perspective of a decadent person in which they openly criticize the norm in society is something unique and interesting. The focus of this study is the identity establishment and personality development of Oba Yozo. The reason is because his personality as a character is interesting to analyze, such as his removal toward other human being, and his skeptical perspective about life. In the prologue of the novel, Yozo is describes as a young boy with big bright smile which eventually grows into a good for nothing person, to the point that he describe himself as the outcast in his own society. The process of this character development and any factors surrounding it are worth to be discussed, because it can shows the bigger picture on how the environment affects people’s personality development.
4 B. Problem Formulation There are three questions that are needed to be answered in order to achieve the objective of this study. Those questions are:
6 development is about the way the author characterize their character and how the character moves the plot of the story.
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A. Review of Related Studies Some previous studies have been conducted by other researchers on Osamu’s No Longer Human. In this chapter, two studies will be presented. These studies are The Main Character’s Perception of Human Being in Osamu Dazai’s No Longer Human written by Grace Adeline T (2015), and The Immutable Despair of Dazai Osamu by David Brudnoy (1968). These previous studies will be reviewed in this chapter. These studies are necessary in order to understand the related topic or theme and point out the significant of this study compared to the other studies. The first review is a thesis entitled The Main Character’s Perception of Human Being in Osamu Dazai’s No Longer Human written by Grace Adeline (2015). The objective of this thesis is to analyze the perception of human being from the main character’s point of view which is influenced by his society. This study attempts to observe how the main character described in the novel by revealing several main character’s personality. The study also analyze the society where the main character lives and its influence to the main character’s perception. Adeline in the study focus on two things, Yozo character and how society influence Yozo’s perception about people. Yozo is an introvert in his own perspective about things that might be different from other people. He is also a shy person and sensitive. Adeline believe that society where Yozo live contribute a lot in his confusion about the meaning and existence of human being. (2015: 43)